A south african perspective on shale gas hydraulic fracturing. Oclcs webjunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus. It tends to form the most inland outcrops of the cape supergroup, and can be traced eastwards as far as the bokkeveld group can be traced i. Meal key bb bed and breakfast dbb dinner, bed and breakfast. Geochemistry of sandstones and shales from the ecca group. A south african perspective on shale gas hydraulic fracturing p. Diagenesis and rock properties of sandstones from the stormberg group, karoo supergroup in the eastern cape province of south africa using cluster analysis methods for multivariate mapping of traffic accidents.
Lithostratigraphy of the prince albert formation ecca group. The karoo provides not only a historical record of. Fungal abundance spike and the permiantriassic boundary. Petrology and geochemistry of metaultramafic rocks in the paleozoic granjeno schist, northeastern mexico. Jun 15, 2015 the karoo provides not only a historical record of. The karoo supergroup lithologies have been intruded by dolerite dykes and. Karoo supergroup, while cretaceous anorogenic complexes, contain a variety of semiprecious stones, fluorite okorusu 14, apatite, rare earth elements, iron and other base metals. New evidence for diachroneity of the eccabeaufort contact karoo supergroup, south africa j.
Although the coalbearing karoo supergroup sequence of the kalahari karoo basin. Stratigraphy and palynostratigraphy, karoo supergroup. The groundwater interaction of a deeper lying gold mine and a. The petrographic analysis showed that the sandstones were poorly to moderately sorted with evidence of angular to subangular grains. Pdf the palaeozoic palynostratigraphy of the karoo supergroup.
Although the western cape is classified as being the least productive in terms of mineral resources,1 it has a large potential for the exploitation of industrial minerals. The karoo supergroup, the most widespread stratigraphic unit in southern africa, deposited in the rift. In main karoo basin, the permian ecca group hosts economically. It is the lowermost geological group and heralds the commencement of sedimentation of the karoo supergroup. The karoo supergroup ranges in age from late carboniferous to early jurassic. Karoo supergroup the karoo is a palaeontological wonderland to palaeontologists, the karoo supergroups rocks and fossils hold the key to understanding the early. Original paper exploration geology petrography and geochemistry of sandstone samples of vischkuil formation, karoo supergroup, south africa a. Biostratigraphy of the lower burgersdorp formation beaufort. Petroleum potential of the karoo basins5 matchdeck. Biostratigraphy of the lower burgersdorp formation beaufort group. New extraction technologies, technologies exploiting the energy content of the coal in situ, as well as suitable uses and markets for lowgrade, highash coal are required before the.
New data on karoo lithostratigraphy the results comprise a field lithological section and a palaeontological section. A good place to establish this correlation is the upper permian and lower triassic beaufort group of the karoo supergroup of south africa, which is well known for its record of the succession of mammallike reptiles across the permiantriassic pt boundary kitching, 1977, rubidge, 1995. The ecca and beaufort groups are composed of sedimentary rocks which are less erosion resistant than the other rocks which make up the drakensberg. The karoo supergroup comprises the following groups in decreasing age, although not all groups are completely represented in the highveld coalfield. Karoo supergroup lithostratigraphic subdivision and palaeoenvironments. Lithostratigraphy of the clarens formation stormberg group, karoo supergroup, south africa article pdf available in south african journal of geology 1211. The palaeozoic palynostratigraphy of the karoo supergroup and. Dykesill relationships in karoo dolerites as indicators. The distribution of the economic mineral resource authors. Karoo aquifers though preferential pathways or where the witwatersrand supergroup suboutcrops against the base of the karoo supergroup 1% of annual precipitation. Rocks of the beaufort group karoo supergroup outcrop over approximately.
This basin extended across much of southern gondwana and records 120 million years of geological history. Karoo sequence of the northeastern cape, orange free state and lesotho. Diagenesis and rock properties of sandstones from the. Karoo age dykes are also virtually absent from the witwatersrand supergroup and other basement strata below the karoo supergroup, consistent with the notion that the dykes are rooted in the underlying dolerite a saucer. Pdf on feb 1, 2002, bruce rubidge and others published the karoo supergroup find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Evans2 1 division of earth sciences, south african museum, po box 61, cape town 8000, south africa. Geochemistry of sandstones and shales from the ecca group, karoo supergroup, in the eastern cape province of south africa. Changes in permotriassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the beaufort group karoo supergroup of south africa. The karoo is partly defined by its topography, geology and climate, and above all, its low rainfall, arid air, cloudless skies, and extremes of heat. Rogers a, kristina curry rogers b, darlington munyikwa c. This chapter discusses the different aspects of the foreland karoo basin, south africa. Pdf on feb 1, 2002, bruce rubidge and others published the karoo supergroup find, read and cite all the. In geological terms the karoo supergroup refers to an extensive geological sequence 100260 million years old which consists of sedimentary and igneous rocks.
Therefore, the witteberg group forms the uppermost layer of the cape supergroup. Formation in the natal drakensberg and northeastern orange free. The rocks overlying the natal group is a thick unit of tillite that was deposited in a glacial environment by retreating ice sheets about 300 million. Pdf the karoo supergroup of the kalahari basin researchgate. Media in category karoo supergroup the following 10 files are in this category, out of 10 total. Ecca and beaufort groups of the karoo supergroup were deposited from 300 to 255. The age of the tashinga formation karoo supergroup in. No exact definition of what constitutes the karoo is available, so its extent is also not precisely defined. Stratigraphy and basin modelling of the gemsbok subbasin karoo supergroup of botswana and namibia. The late carboniferousmiddle jurassic karoo supergroup in southern. The lithostratigraphy of the karoo supergroup in the.
Published records on the palaeontology of the lower jurassic lisbon formation in the ellisras basin a south african continuation of the botswana kalahari karoo basin are virtually nonexistent. Karoo basin of south africa, these groups are named, in. Implications for provenance, weathering and tectonic setting. Karoo supergroup of south africa implications for the stratigraphic ranges for early triassic tetrapods. Pdf on feb 1, 2002, bruce rubidge and others published the. Late carboniferous to permian strata of the lower karoo sequence in the kalahari. Characterization of the coal resources of south africa. Stratigraphy of the karoo supergroup in southern africa. Hydrochemical and hydrogeological impact of hydraulic. Biostratigraphy of the beaufort group karoo supergroup. Petrography and geochemistry of sandstone samples of vischkuil formation, karoo supergroup, south africa. The groundwater interaction of a deeper lying gold mine. Pdf the centrally located kalahari karoo basin of botswana covers more than half the country and comprises a major carboniferous to jurassic.
The karoo supergroup comprises sediments ascribed to deposition in glacial to fluvioglacial and from shallow marine to fluviodeltaic environments. Permian coalbearing deposits near vereeniging, free state, south africa. The sedimentology and stratigraphy of the beaufort group of. The karoo supergroup is the most widespread stratigraphic unit in africa south of the kalahari. Karoo supergroup, main karoo basin, south africa to similaraged units from the midzambezi and western cabora bassa basins zimbabwe and zambia. The dwyka group is one of four geological groups that compose the karoo supergroup. Clarens formation karoo supergroup are found at numerous localities throughout southern africa, and can be assigned to five distinct architectural groups. Why south africas karoo is a palaeontological wonderland. Pdf the karoo supergroup revisited and madagascarafrica.
The karoo supergroup in southern africa occurs in the areally extensive main karoo and kalahari basins as well as in a number of subsidiary basins in south africa. Read stratigraphy and palynostratigraphy, karoo supergroup permian and triassic, midzambezi valley, southern zambia, journal of african earth sciences on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Sedimentology and ichnology of the karoo supergroup in the gemsbok subbasin of botswana and namibia. The karoo supergroup in southern africa occurs in the areally extensive main karoo and kalahari basins as well as in a number of subsidiary basins in south africa, namibia, botswana, zimbabwe and mozambique. Pdf the centrally located kalahari karoo basin of botswana covers more than half the.
Read the karoo supergroup revisited and madagascarafrica fits, journal of african earth sciences on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. In zambia, the karoo supergroup is represented by outcrops in major rift block valleys, in the east and south, such as the luangwa, lukusashi, lunsemfwa, rufunsa and midzambezi rivers. The karoo supergroup is the largest stratigraphic unit in southern africa, covering almost two thirds of the present land surface, including central cape province, almost all of orange free state, western natal, much of southeast transvaal, zambia, zimbabwe and malawi. Petrography and geochemistry of sandstones of vischkuil formation in the ecca group of the karoo supergroup of south africa was investigated to evaluate the petroleum potential of its reservoir rock. Numerous and frequentlyupdated resource results are available from this search. Thesis submitted to the faculty of science at the university of the witwatersrand. For more than a century, large collections of fossils. Gomani, and alan deino abstract exposures of the karoo supergroup occur in the northern and southern portions of malawi, south central africa. Reliable information about the coronavirus covid19 is available from the world health organization current situation, international travel. Borchers in the early 1960s, based largely on borehole records. There is some disparity in occurrence data between the two sec. The karoo basins of southcentral africa university of alberta. The extent of karoo supergroup rocks is greater than previously thought and karoo sedimentary and volcanic rocks cover a large percentage of the subkalahari surface. Based on stratigraphic position, lithostratigraphic correlation and palynological analyses, these lowermost karoo strata range between the late carboniferous pennsylvanian to early permian.
Structural and stratigraphic studies of selected karoo transects. Sedimentology and taphonomy of the upper karooequivalent. Following the discovery of the offshore kudu gas field of cretaceous age 15, hydrocarbon exploration also intersected oilprone source rocks in boreholes. The main karoo basin contains strata that range in age from late carboniferous to middle jurassic and attain a maximum cumulative thickness of approximately 12 km in the southeastern portion of the basin toward the eastern end of the karoo trough. The green block labeled k indicates when the karoo supergroup was deposited, in relation to the cape supergroup, c, immediately before it. Folded and thrust faulted rocks of the upper cape supergroup will be examined and we cross the algoa basin cretaceous at uitenhage on the way. Pdf biostratigraphy of the lower burgersdorp formation. Karoo of the orange free state is probably of late. Volksrust, normandien and clarens formations, all from the free state. The sedimentology and stratigraphy of the beaufort group of the karoo supergroup in the vicinity of thaba nchu, central free state province. Pdf stratigraphy and basin modelling of the gemsbok sub. Sedimentology and taphonomy of the upper karoo equivalent mpandi formation in the tuli basin of zimbabwe, with a new 40ar39ar age for the tuli basalts raymond r. The prince albert formation is a mudstonedominated unit, which is located in the central and southwestern part of the main karoo basin and the southernmost part.
The supergroup consists of a sequence of units, mostly of nonmarine origin, deposited between the late carboniferous and early jurassic, a period of about 120 million years in southern africa, rocks of the karoo supergroup cover almost two thirds of the present land surface, including all of. Dolerite dyke and sill emplacement mechanisms in the karoo. The prince albert formation is a mudstonedominated unit, which is located in the central and southwestern part of the main karoo basin and the southernmost part of the kalahari basin in south africa. Modie report on a field visit to exposures in the kalahari karoo basin of botswana the karoo supergroup of the kalahari basin. Petrography and geochemistry of sandstone samples of. Most of the karoo supergroup is located in south africa and the great karoo has an area of more than 600 000 km 2. Therapsids from the permian chiweta beds and the age of the karoo supergroup in malawi louis l. The karoo supergroup is the most widespread stratigraphic unit in africa south of the kalahari desert. Rubidge some of the earliest research on the contact between the ecca. Lithostratigraphy of the prince albert formation ecca.
Vermeulen institute for groundwater studies, university of the free state, bloemfontein, 9301, south africa abstract during the period 1965 to 1975, soekor explored for oil and gas in the karoo, a pristine semidesert area in south africa. The vischkuil formation overlies the collingham formation within. Comparison of the data between strat 1 and ckp 6 indicates that the base of the sections is characterised by a few common taxa of typically long range nature. The karoo supergroup is divided into the dwyka group, ecca group, beaufort group, and the molteno and clarenselliot formations fig. Pdf sedimentology and ichnology of the karoo supergroup. The portion of the drakensberg that forms the kwazulunatal free state border is formed by slightly younger beaufort rocks 250 million years old which are also part of the karoo supergroup. The lithostratigraphy of the karoo supergroup in botswana. The dwyka group forms the lowermost and oldest deposit in the karoo supergroup basin. The supergroup consists of a sequence of units, mostly of nonmarine origin, deposited between the late carboniferous and early jurassic, a period of about 120 million years. The first comprehensive map of the pre karoo geology, focusing particularly on the distribution of witwatersrand supergroup rocks, was compiled by r.
The palaeozoic palynostratigraphy of the karoo supergroup and palynofacies. Main karoo basin drakenberg volcanics cape fold belt felsic karoo volcanics mafic karoo volcanics karoo dolerite suite karoo supergroup undifferentiated upper karoo supergroup beaufort group ecca group dwyka group. Supergroup in the main karoo basin, and is relatively wellexposed in a ringshaped outcrop belt surrounding the drakensberg plateau in the eastern cape, free state and kwazulu natal as well as in several isolated outcrop areas north of the main karoo basin figure 1. Modelling subsurface flow in karoo aquifers joseph f botha institute for groundwater studies, university of the free state, p. The prekaroo geology of the southern portion of the kaapvaal.
The w indicates when the witwatersrand supergroup was laid down, very much further in the past. The rocks that transition across the permiantriassic boundary occur within the beaufort group, which is considered to be the first fully continental sequence in the supergroup. Aukarob hardveld is a semi desert natural region of south africa. The late carboniferousmiddle jurassic karoo supergroup in southern africa and the tuli basin modified after johnson. The karoo supergroup in southern africa occurs in the areally extensive main karoo and kalahari basins as well as in a number of subsidiary basins in south africa, namibia, botswana, zimbabwe and. The karoo supergroup revisited and madagascarafrica fits.
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